Participants: Pr Shawn Boonstra
Series Code: SEM
Program Code: SEM000003S
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00:00 [dramatic music]
00:04 - [Narrator] The world forever changed, 00:08 his legacy an empire reaching across centuries, 00:12 His name, Constantine, 00:19 Shadow Empire. 00:21 [dramatic music continues] 00:31 [dramatic music continues] 00:35 - The life of Constantine is something of a miracle story. 00:39 He was born to a peasant girl out of wedlock, 00:42 and for the first nine years of his life, 00:44 nobody knew that his real father 00:46 was the governor of Dalmatia. 00:49 That was a position usually assigned to people 00:51 of great influence. 00:53 Not only did Constantine eventually 00:55 come to know his real father 00:57 because of an altercation with some guests 00:59 at the stables at his grandfather's inn, 01:02 he actually ended up living in the palace 01:04 of the Roman Emperor himself. 01:14 For 11 years, Constantine worked directly 01:17 for the Emperor Diocletian, 01:19 and he witnessed all kinds of big events firsthand. 01:22 For example, he watched the emperor 01:24 successfully squash a rebellion in North Africa, 01:27 and he was there when the official persecution 01:30 against Christians began in the year 303. 01:33 It was a time when there were actually four rulers 01:36 in the Roman Empire. 01:38 Diocletian was eager to keep his massive empire stable, 01:41 and he achieved that by creating what is called 01:44 a Tetrarchy, or rule by four people. 01:47 There were two rulers in the East 01:49 and two rulers in the West. 01:51 On each side of the empire you had a senior emperor, 01:54 they called him the Augustus, 01:56 and a junior emperor under him who was known as the Caesar. 02:00 In the East, you had Diocletian as the Augustus 02:03 and Galerius as his Caesar. 02:05 And if you remember, Galerius was the guy 02:08 who really hated Christians. 02:10 In the West, you had Maximian as the Augustus 02:13 and Flavius Constantius as the Caesar, 02:16 and of course, Constantius was Constantine's father. 02:20 Shortly after the Great 10 Year Persecution began, 02:23 Diocletian did something no other emperor had ever done, 02:26 he decided he was too old to rule. 02:29 So for the good of the empire, he would retire. 02:32 He contacted Maximian in the West 02:34 and suggested that both of them should step aside 02:37 and promote their second in command to the top position. 02:41 Of course, this meant that Diocletian 02:43 could abdicate the throne 02:44 while he was still at the top of his game, 02:47 something you see a lot of today in the 21st century, 02:50 but back in the fourth century in Rome, that never happened. 03:00 So in September of 303, 03:03 everybody went to the city of Rome. 03:05 Now remember, Rome hasn't really been the capital 03:09 of the empire in a long time, 03:11 but 303 is the 20th anniversary of Diocletian's reign. 03:15 It had been 20 years since he took the empire by force, 03:19 and the Eternal City seemed like the ideal place 03:23 to hand the reins of power to the two Caesars. 03:27 So in October, everybody arrived right here in the city. 03:30 Thousands of people poured into the streets 03:32 to see the four rulers of the empire, 03:35 something nobody had ever seen. 03:38 And it was here in Rome that Constantine 03:39 met his father again for the first time in 10 years. 03:43 And the reunion happens just in time, 03:45 because 33 months later, Constantius was dying, 03:50 and on his deathbed, 03:51 he asked his legions to promote his son Constantine 03:54 to become one of the four Tetrarchs. 03:58 [cheerful music] 04:05 The festivities in Rome began to spiral out of control. 04:09 What started as the 20 year anniversary party 04:11 for Diocletian, and a retirement party, 04:14 quickly became a long string 04:15 of drunken parties and wild orgies. 04:18 And it got so out of hand that Diocletian 04:21 became disgusted with what he saw, 04:23 and he picked up and left town. 04:25 He went north of here to Ravenna, 04:27 a city that would eventually become 04:29 the capital of the Western Roman Empire, 04:32 about a hundred years later. 04:34 And up there in Ravenna during a cold and miserable winter, 04:37 Diocletian got really sick. 04:40 Galerius went and visited him, 04:42 the man who started all the trouble 04:44 against the Christian Church. 04:46 "Sir," he says to Diocletian, 04:48 "the Christians are busy making trouble for us again." 04:52 Now, we don't know that that's true, 04:55 but don't forget, Galerius really hated the Christians 04:58 because they wouldn't participate 05:00 in his mother's pagan rituals. 05:03 [upbeat music] 05:15 Galerius makes a suggestion. 05:17 The restrictions they put on Christianity, 05:19 he said, weren't enough. 05:21 The religion should be outlawed, 05:23 the same way the Manicheans in Egypt 05:25 had been outlawed a few years earlier. 05:27 So in April of 304, 05:29 Diocletian agrees and the persecution gets even worse. 05:33 Now it's a capital offense just to be a Christian, 05:36 and the bloodshed ramps up to a much higher level. 05:39 Now honestly, if Diocletian had been 05:41 a good student of history, 05:43 he should have known what would happen. 05:45 In the 12th chapter of the book of Revelation, 05:47 the Bible speaks about Christians who resist the dragon 05:51 and do not love their lives unto the death. 05:54 The century since Jesus had proven 05:56 that biblical Christianity 05:58 actually thrives under persecution. 06:01 People whose God had sacrificed his own life on a cross 06:05 didn't consider death to be punishment. 06:08 They weren't afraid. 06:09 They considered dying for Christ a privilege. 06:14 [dramatic music] 06:18 Now, here's what's really interesting. 06:20 The persecution was much worse 06:22 in the eastern part of the empire 06:24 where Galerius was rising to the position 06:26 of Senior Emperor. 06:28 In the West, it wasn't quite so bad. 06:31 In fact, some historians estimate 06:33 that the very best place to be a Christian 06:35 during those years was Northern Europe, 06:38 where my own ancestors come from. 06:40 Now, why was the persecution lighter in northern Europe? 06:44 Well, here's something to consider. 06:46 Constantius, now remember, that's Constantine's father, 06:49 he had a daughter named Anastasia, 06:52 which is a pretty remarkable name for a pagan. 06:56 Why, well, it's a Greek word. 06:58 It comes from Anastasi, which literally means resurrection. 07:03 And it's a Christian name, 07:05 a name that honors the resurrection of Christ. 07:09 Is it possible there were Christians 07:12 living right in the house of Constantine? 07:14 Well, the answer to that is yes. 07:17 Remember, when Constantine's father divorced Helena, 07:21 Constantine reacted with bitterness, 07:24 but historians believe that Helena found consolation 07:27 in the Christian message, 07:29 which has always spoken powerfully 07:31 to people whose lives are full of disappointment. 07:34 Helena probably became a Christian very early on, 07:37 and somebody convinced the Caesar to name their daughter 07:40 after the resurrection of Christ. 07:43 Now, that's all we really know. 07:45 But what happens next has me utterly convinced 07:48 that Constantine was exposed to Christianity very early on, 07:51 and not just because he was there 07:53 for the Diocletian persecutions. 07:55 He was exposed through his own family, 07:58 and I'm convinced he started to become sympathetic 08:01 very early on. 08:06 [cheerful music] 08:14 [cheerful music continues] 08:22 But at this point, things get messy. 08:24 Diocletian and Maximian retired, 08:26 they step aside, and Galerius decides he's going to decide 08:31 who the new junior emperors will be. 08:33 So he picks Severus, a legion commander 08:36 with a drinking problem, 08:38 and his own nephew, Daia Maximus, 08:40 a kid who is actually half barbarian, 08:43 and Daia was bad news for the Christians. 08:47 Now, Diocletian actually doesn't like 08:49 either of these two new appointees, 08:51 but he figures, hey, I've already retired, 08:54 nobody's going to blame me if the empire falls apart, 08:57 so he does nothing about it. 08:59 And by doing nothing, he unwittingly creates 09:03 a big problem in the West. 09:07 You see Maximius, the now retired Augustus of the West, 09:11 the one that Diocletian convinced to retire with him, 09:14 he has a son, Maxentius, 09:17 and Maxentius has just been completely passed over 09:20 for the position of Caesar. 09:22 Of course, Constantine has also been passed over, 09:26 and Galerius must have realized 09:27 the potential for hard feelings, 09:29 because at this point he actually forbids Constantine 09:32 from leaving his palace. 09:34 "You can't go home," he says, 09:36 because he knows if Constantine goes home 09:38 and joins his father, 09:40 and his father wants Constantine to be Caesar, 09:43 there's gonna be trouble. 09:47 And of course sure enough, Flavius Constantius 09:49 asks for his son. 09:51 Now what in the world is Galerius going to do? 09:54 He can't deny the request of another Augustus. 09:57 So he tells Constantine, "Look, you can leave, 10:00 "but not until tomorrow." 10:02 What he planned to do was figure out a way 10:04 to have the boy arrested, 10:06 but Constantine smelled a rat. 10:08 That night after supper, he snuck out of the palace 10:11 and made a run for it, and on his way westward, 10:14 he cleverly killed every horse at every post, 10:18 making it impossible to follow him. 10:21 [soft clomping] 10:25 [relaxing music] 10:27 The next day at noon, Galerius wakes up 10:29 and he discovers Constantine's gone, and then he discovers 10:34 every horse along Constantine's route is dead, 10:37 and he's never going to catch up. 10:39 It reduces him to tears. 10:41 Now, Constantine made his way all the way to Western Europe 10:45 where he joined his father in a region called Gaul, 10:47 or modern day France, and together, 10:51 father and son went to war and defeated the Picts, 10:54 a fierce pagan tribe from the British Isles. 10:58 Constantine was so magnificent in battle 11:01 that his men wanted him as a king, 11:03 and they honored the request of his dying father. 11:07 Constantine becomes ruler by popular acclimation, 11:10 "In the glory of our gods, I accept this responsibility." 11:13 - And they didn't just make him Caesar, 11:15 or second in command, 11:17 they took his father's purple cape, 11:19 put it on Constantine's shoulders, and called him Augustus. 11:24 They gave him the top job. 11:26 He became his father's replacement. 11:29 [crowd cheering] 11:31 Now you have Galerius with Daia in the East 11:34 and Constantine with Severus in the West. 11:38 [cheerful music] 11:43 Of course, when Galerius found out what happened, 11:46 he was very unhappy. 11:48 But what exactly is he supposed to do? 11:51 History tells us Constantine actually sent him a gift, 11:54 a bust of himself, and in a fit of rage, 11:57 Galerius smashed it against the wall. 11:59 He wants Constantine gone. 12:02 But then Diocletian, the old retired emperor 12:05 comes up with a suggestion. 12:06 "I don't think you can fight this," he said, 12:09 "so for the good of the empire, 12:10 "just recognize Constantine as a junior emperor. 12:14 "Recognize him as Caesar." 12:16 Now, that kind of made sense, 12:18 so that's exactly what Galerius did. 12:20 He sent an imperial mantle to Constantine 12:23 along with a friendly letter congratulating him, 12:25 not as Augustus, but Caesar of the West. 12:30 And because Constantine was a patient man 12:32 willing to bide his time, and because he was a smart man, 12:36 he accepted the demotion graciously. 12:39 Now the Tetrarchy is restored. 12:41 You've got Galerius and Daia in the East, 12:43 Severus with Constantine in the West. 12:47 There's just one problem. 12:49 Do you remember Maxentius, 12:50 the other son of a retired Western emperor, 12:53 the other guy who got passed over? 12:55 He's not happy. 12:59 [upbeat music] 13:03 But Maxentius was kind of powerless. 13:05 I mean, what exactly was he going to do? 13:09 Then, an opportunity miraculously presents itself. 13:13 For years, the city of Rome had been exempt 13:15 from paying taxes because she was the Mother City, 13:19 but Galerius decides to tax the Romans, 13:22 and of course, that made everybody angry. 13:26 This was an opportunity that Maxentius could not resist. 13:30 He knew that over the centuries, 13:31 the Senate had been stripped of its power. 13:34 In the distant past, 13:35 the Senate had actually chosen emperors, 13:38 but now it was usually the army who did that. 13:41 I mean, Diocletian came to power 13:43 by acclimation of his troops, 13:45 and the same thing happened with Constantine. 13:49 Maxentius traveled here to Rome and he told the Senate 13:52 here in this building that they could have a revival, 13:56 he could make them powerful. 13:58 "Make me the emperor," he said, 14:00 "and I'll restore Rome's former glory." 14:03 Of course, that was an offer the Senate couldn't resist. 14:07 The only problem was that Maxentius was really young 14:11 and inexperienced. 14:13 "Well, no problem," he said to the Senate. 14:14 "I'll just be an assistant emperor then. 14:16 "You see, what you don't know is that my dad 14:19 "is willing to come out of retirement 14:21 "and he could be the senior ruler in Rome. 14:24 "You make him the emperor and I'll just be his assistant." 14:29 [relaxing music] 14:33 Well, the Senate jumped on it, 14:35 and after a series of political maneuvers, 14:37 Maxentius became the emperor in Rome. 14:40 Now, we don't have time for the whole story, 14:42 there's a lot that happens over the next few months, 14:45 but when the dust settled, 14:47 there were actually four Augusti, four senior emperors. 14:52 And here in the city of Rome, 14:54 there was a problem with Maxentius. 14:56 He was quickly losing people's respect 14:58 because the power went to his head, 15:01 and he began to fancy himself the ruler of the whole world. 15:05 He began to party and sleep around, 15:07 and he began selling favors to some of his favorite men. 15:10 So Maxentius ended up with lots of purchased friends, 15:15 but very few real ones. 15:18 Now, all this was happening at a time 15:20 when there was suddenly lots of Christian influence 15:22 in Constantine's house. 15:24 When Maximian, the old Augustus finally died, 15:28 Constantine buried him in a coffin, 15:31 which was a Christian custom, 15:33 and of course his mother Helena was also a Christian, 15:37 and his stepmother had also quietly become a Christian, 15:41 and she was keeping a Christian minister 15:43 right on the premises. 15:45 And of course, there was also 15:46 Constantine's stepsister Anastasia, 15:49 named in honor of the resurrection. 15:52 There was lots of Christian influence in Constantine's life, 15:56 but he's still a pagan, a sun worshiper 15:59 who goes to give sacrifices to Apollo 16:01 just before every significant battle. 16:05 [dramatic music] 16:11 Now, I'm really condensing the story 16:14 because I wanna focus on what's important. 16:18 Maxentius has declared himself Emperor of Rome, 16:21 and Constantine is determined to do something about that. 16:25 He begins fighting his way toward the Mother City, 16:29 and inside the city, 16:30 people are understandably getting very nervous, 16:33 because Constantine is not just a great leader, 16:36 he's also a great fighter. 16:38 He wasn't one to sit on the sidelines 16:40 and watch his men fight, 16:42 he actually joined them down on the field, 16:44 and that really inspired his troops. 16:48 Constantine's men were almost undefeatable. 16:51 [dramatic music] 16:56 Inside the city walls, people were starting to get nervous. 17:01 They knew Constantine was coming, 17:03 so to put their minds at ease, Maxentius threw a party. 17:07 Now, that's the same thing Nebuchadnezzar's son did 17:09 in Daniel chapter five. 17:11 When the Babylonian king Belshazzar 17:13 knew the Persians were coming to take Babylon, 17:16 he threw a massive feast to put people's minds at ease, 17:20 because there can't be real trouble 17:22 if the king feels like having a party. 17:25 Maxentius probably should have learned from that example. 17:28 On the 26th of October 312, 17:31 the festivities in Rome were really gearing up. 17:34 Maxentius was celebrating five years on his throne, 17:38 and he was determined to make everybody understand 17:42 that he would never fall. 17:44 The citizens of Rome actually began to feel a little better, 17:48 because if Maxentius was willing to party, 17:51 he must be confident. 17:53 Maybe the city walls would be enough to stop Constantine. 17:58 Now, that was something Maxentius was actually counting on, 18:00 because he knew that Constantine's men 18:04 would feel hesitant to attack Rome. 18:05 It's the Mother City. 18:07 Roman armies had attacked the city in the past, 18:10 and they'd lost their courage 18:12 because it felt like you were attacking your own mother. 18:15 But if Maxentius had to go outside the city 18:18 and face Constantine, he would probably lose. 18:22 If he could stay inside, he stood a much better chance. 18:29 [dramatic music] 18:35 That October, the people inside the city 18:37 celebrated Maxentius' reign, 18:39 and they went to the chariot races 18:41 in a place just like this, the old Circus Maximus, 18:46 and right after the first race ended, 18:48 a voice suddenly shouts from the stands, 18:51 "Maxentius, are you afraid to fight Constantine 18:54 "out in the open?" 18:56 We don't know who did that, but he was probably a plant, 19:00 probably one of Constantine's men 19:02 who had snuck into the games. 19:04 And if that's true, the ploy was very effective. 19:08 A murmur quickly spread all through the crowd, 19:11 and more and more people started yelling, 19:14 "Maxentius, are you a coward?" 19:18 Eventually this whole place was shouting. 19:21 You know, if Constantine planned that, orchestrated it, 19:25 it was brilliant, because he didn't really wanna fight 19:28 inside the city either. 19:31 [dramatic music] 19:34 Maxentius, of course, was furious, 19:36 and he stormed out of the arena 19:38 and went over here to see the Senate. 19:40 He asked them to consult an ancient set of books 19:43 known as the Sibylline Books. 19:45 Now, that's not to be confused with the Sibylline Oracles, 19:48 it's the Sibylline Books. 19:50 And he asked the Senate, 19:51 "Is there a prophecy in there? 19:52 "Is there something that will indicate who's going to win?" 19:57 The next morning, the Senate came back with an answer. 20:00 "Tomorrow, the enemy of Rome will perish." 20:04 Maxentius, of course, was delighted, 20:05 because he assumed the enemy of Rome was Constantine. 20:09 But you'll notice, if the enemy of Rome 20:12 is supposed to die tomorrow, 20:14 then there has to be a battle tomorrow 20:17 [gently crashing waves] 20:20 [dramatic music] 20:22 Outside the city, on this side of the Tiber, 20:25 someone gave Constantine the bad news. 20:28 Maxentius had a prophecy, a prophecy that said he would win. 20:33 Now, that made Constantine's men really nervous. 20:36 I mean, here they were about to attack the Mother City, 20:39 and the king on the inside had a good omen. 20:42 He had a prophetic message. 20:45 Constantine saw his men's spirits beginning to fall, 20:48 and he knew that he needed an omen too, 20:50 and that's when one of the most famous episodes 20:53 in world history suddenly takes place. 20:59 [relaxing music] 21:04 Constantine said, "I had a dream and I saw this symbol. 21:09 "All of you are going to paint it on your shields, 21:11 "and that's how we're going to win." 21:17 Even though it was a well-known pagan symbol, 21:20 apparently Constantine was already tying it 21:23 to the Christian God of his mother. 21:25 It was just too good to pass up. 21:27 The first letters in the word for good luck 21:29 also happened to be the first letters 21:31 in the word for Christ. 21:33 All that exposure to Christianity 21:35 was now coming to bear on Constantine's army. 21:43 There's an old story that the night before the battle, 21:45 Constantine had a vision. 21:47 He looked up and saw the Cairo superimposed on the sun. 21:50 Some versions say he actually saw the Christian cross 21:53 superimposed on the sun, and he heard a voice, 21:56 a heavenly voice saying, [speaking in foreign language], 21:59 "Go conquer in this sign." 22:01 In other words, Jesus was telling him, 22:03 "Go take the city of Rome under the sign of the cross." 22:07 It's a great story and Christians love it, 22:08 there's just one problem with it. 22:10 This arch was built to commemorate his victory 22:13 shortly after it happened, and it tells the whole story. 22:17 The problem is you can search this from top to bottom 22:19 and there's no mention of a Cairo, 22:21 there's no picture of Jesus, there's no cross, 22:23 there's no indication on here at all 22:26 that that ever happened. 22:32 The only possible reference you can find to Christianity 22:35 anywhere on the arch is this vague inscription 22:38 that gives credit to the inspiration of divinity, 22:42 but that's it. 22:43 There is no cross. 22:45 If the story is true, 22:46 if Constantine really had a vision from God, 22:50 well, you'd expect it to show up 22:51 in an official telling of the story, 22:52 which is really why the arch was built. 22:55 But it's not up here, 22:57 and that's because Constantine 22:58 probably made the story up about 10 years later 23:01 when he was telling it to a church historian 23:04 by the name of Eusebius. 23:06 You see, when Constantine attacked the city of Rome, 23:08 it wasn't really a Christian cross, 23:10 a Latin cross, on his army shields. 23:13 It was just a Cairo, a good luck charm 23:16 he said he saw in a dream. 23:19 [gently crashing waves] 23:21 Now, what happened next is absolutely stunning. 23:25 On October 28th, Constantine is camped 23:28 on the north side of the river, 23:30 and in the wee hours of the morning, 23:31 one of Maxentius' generals 23:33 suddenly comes out and crosses this bridge, Milvian Bridge, 23:38 and he launches a surprise attack on Constantine's men. 23:41 The plan was he would hit quickly 23:43 and then suddenly retreat back to safety 23:46 on his side of the bridge. 23:50 So why the sudden retreat? 23:52 Well, it's because Maxentius had rigged the bridge. 23:56 As soon as Constantine followed him back over, 23:58 he would break it in half, trapping Constantine's men 24:02 on the north bank of the river. 24:04 It would make them sitting ducks. 24:06 They'd be out in the open, 24:07 and Roman archers would shower them with arrows, 24:10 wiping them out. 24:12 It seemed like a pretty good plan. 24:14 The only problem was it backfired. 24:18 Constantine responded to the surprise attack 24:20 much faster than anybody could have anticipated, 24:24 so there was no time to retreat. 24:26 Instead, Constantine caught up with Maxentius' men 24:30 right on the north shore 24:31 and started hitting them with arrows instead. 24:38 - [Soldier] Move them back. 24:39 - Move the men forward. 24:41 [swords clanking] 24:45 - That's when the panic really starts. 24:47 Maxentius realizes he's now losing the battle, 24:50 and he orders his man back over 24:52 to the other side of the river. 24:53 They have to retreat. 24:55 The problem was, 24:56 this was a very narrow bridge in those days, 24:58 and it's the only route of escape, 24:59 so hundreds of men pour onto the bridge 25:02 and chaos begins to build. 25:04 When Maxentius sees the chaos, 25:06 he rides his horse into the middle of his men, 25:08 trying to take control, 25:10 and somehow, in all that pushing and shoving, 25:12 he gets knocked off his horse 25:14 and thrown into Tiber River. 25:16 His armor drags him to the bottom 25:18 and they find his body in the reeds the next day. 25:21 The word quickly goes through Rome Maxentius is dead. 25:26 [dramatic music] 25:31 The next morning, October the 29th, 25:33 Constantine rode victorious into the city, 25:36 but this was unlike any victory procession 25:39 the citizens of Rome had ever seen. 25:40 Usually, the victor brought in the spoils of war 25:43 and led a parade of captives, 25:45 but Constantine came in empty handed. 25:48 [cheerful music] 25:52 There was one other key difference. 25:54 The parade made its way to the base of the Capitoline Hill 25:57 where conquering heroes almost always offered sacrifices 26:02 at the temple of Jupiter. 26:04 But this time, no sacrifice, 26:07 because Constantine wasn't giving Jupiter the credit. 26:10 This time, the honor all went to the Christian God. 26:15 That's what changed the whole world. 26:18 Even though Jesus said his kingdom is not of this world, 26:22 Constantine believed his victory 26:24 came from the god of his mother, from the Christian God. 26:27 He started to think of his mother's god as a god of war, 26:31 as the key to unifying his new empire. 26:34 When he rode into the city, 26:36 when he refused to offer sacrifice to Jupiter, 26:40 that was the precise moment when the paths of Jesus 26:44 and Constantine finally met. 26:47 And what happened next is so explosive 26:49 that it changed the face of the empire 26:51 and it changed the path of world politics, 26:54 and it changed the nature of Christianity forever. 27:03 The religion of Jesus took on a new flavor, 27:05 because the Prince of peace 27:07 has just become a Roman god of war. 27:10 In a single moment, 27:11 he moved from being the God of the underdog, 27:13 the outcast, and the downtrodden, to the God of the emperor. 27:18 Jesus is now made to say, 27:20 "Blessed is the man who sacks the city of Rome." 27:23 Just a few weeks after Constantine's big win, 27:26 the Cairo started showing up all over the city. 27:29 It became Constantine's symbol, 27:32 and it was clearly identified with Christianity. 27:35 There's just no way to underestimate 27:37 how important this moment was, 27:40 and to some extent, that moment has changed 27:43 the way that you and I think. 27:45 It just might be that to some measure, 27:48 you and I are living in a Shadow Empire. 27:51 [relaxing music] 28:00 [relaxing music continues] 28:09 - [Narrator] This has been a broadcast 28:10 of The Voice of Prophecy. 28:12 To learn more about how you can get a DVD copy 28:15 of "Shadow Empire" for yourself, 28:17 please visit shadowempiredvd.com, 28:21 or call toll free, 844-822-2943. 28:27 [relaxing music] |
Revised 2023-08-24