It Is Written

At The Cross

Three Angels Broadcasting Network

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Series Code: IIW

Program Code: IIW023263S


00:16 ♪[music ends]♪♪
00:19 >>John Bradshaw: This is It Is Written.
00:21 I'm John Bradshaw. Thanks for joining me.
00:23 Standing at the side of an enormous memorial
00:26 a little more than 30 miles from the Spanish capital, Madrid,
00:30 is the world's largest cross.
00:33 It's almost 500 feet tall, 150 meters.
00:38 It's about as tall as a 50-story building.
00:41 The cross stands on top of a 3,000-foot-tall mountain,
00:44 so it can be seen from miles away.
00:48 It's part of a complex called the Valley of the Fallen,
00:51 which features, among other things,
00:53 a church and a monastery.
00:55 For more than 40 years,
00:57 Spanish dictator Francisco Franco was buried there.
01:01 Owing to the controversial nature of Franco's rule--
01:04 estimates say he was responsible
01:06 for the deaths of between 30,000 and 50,000 people--
01:11 Franco's body was exhumed in 2019 and relocated
01:15 to a cemetery in Madrid, where he was laid to rest
01:18 a second time, this time next to his wife.
01:22 Now, while Franco is gone, that cross remains.
01:28 It's impossible to miss as it reaches into the sky
01:32 reminding people--well, reminding people what, exactly?
01:40 The cross is ubiquitous in Western society.
01:44 It's everywhere.
01:46 And even in the secular age, it can only mean one thing:
01:51 the death of Jesus, who 2,000 years ago died on a cross.
01:56 His death and subsequent resurrection
01:58 gave rise to Easter, observed today in dozens of countries
02:02 around the world.
02:04 Of course, much of what gets lumped into commemorating
02:07 the death and resurrection of Jesus has nothing to do
02:10 with either the death or the resurrection of Jesus.
02:13 Several pagan customs have been absorbed
02:15 into the Christian celebration of Easter,
02:18 not surprising, considering pagan customs
02:21 crept into Christianity itself.
02:23 Eggs and rabbits, which are totally unrelated
02:26 to the death of Jesus,
02:28 were ancient symbols of new life and fertility.
02:32 Add commercialism to the mix, and Easter became an opportunity
02:36 to sell copious quantities of chocolate
02:38 and other Easter items, such as hot cross buns,
02:41 while crowding out of the spotlight the actual event
02:45 that gave rise to Easter.
02:47 And unlike a national holiday or observance,
02:49 such as the Fourth of July or Australia Day, say,
02:52 the date of Easter moves.
02:55 Easter Sunday occurs on the first Sunday after the full moon
02:59 that occurs on or after the vernal, or spring, equinox.
03:03 That's the day when there's an almost identical amount
03:05 of darkness and daylight. [crickets chirp]
03:07 This confusing calculation is an attempt to associate
03:10 the date of Easter with the timing of the Jewish Passover.
03:14 Easter is when Christians commemorate the death of Jesus,
03:18 the crucifixion of Jesus on a cross,
03:21 which itself has been used as pagan symbol.
03:24 It's thought that crucifixion originated with the Assyrians
03:27 and the Babylonians.
03:27 Five or six hundred years before Christ,
03:30 it was used by the Persians,
03:32 then by the Greeks before it was perfected by the Romans.
03:37 The thing about crucifixion, as employed by the Romans,
03:41 wasn't just the pain.
03:42 Oh, crucifixion was painful, brutally so.
03:46 But beyond the pain, the cross was akin to the gallows
03:50 or the electric chair.
03:51 It was where criminals met their fate.
03:55 It was a symbol of shame, defeat, condemnation.
04:01 And given that crucifixion victims were executed naked,
04:05 it was a shameful, undignified way for a person to die.
04:10 It was utter humiliation.
04:13 If you were crucified, you were the offscouring of the earth.
04:18 And Jesus was crucified.
04:22 So, why the cross for Jesus?
04:26 The Bible says He "did no sin."
04:30 But He got under the skin of the Jewish leaders
04:32 to the extent that they wanted Him gone.
04:35 And because they had no authority, legally,
04:37 to execute anyone, they appealed to the Roman authorities,
04:41 who sentenced Him to be executed.
04:44 Even though He wasn't a criminal,
04:46 certain people wanted Him dead.
04:49 Jesus had swept away the rubbish
04:51 under which truth had been buried.
04:54 But the religious leaders felt, in Israel,
04:57 that He was sweeping away the truth itself.
05:01 And He died as a result.
05:03 But why did Jesus have to die-- from a biblical perspective?
05:10 Let's go back to the beginning, just after Creation,
05:14 to the first promise ever made.
05:17 It was made by God, and it was made to you and me, essentially.
05:21 The first promise made in the Bible was a gospel promise.
05:24 Immediately after Adam and Eve sinned in the Garden of Eden,
05:27 God spoke to the serpent that tempted them and said,
05:32 "I will put enmity between you and the woman,
05:35 "and between your seed and her Seed;
05:38 "He shall bruise your head,
05:41 and you shall bruise His heel."
05:43 That's Genesis 3:15.
05:46 Now, let's analyze that a little.
05:48 Speaking to Satan, God said, there will be "enmity
05:52 between you and the woman,"
05:54 God's people down through time, the church.
05:58 Saying there would be enmity between the devil and the church
06:01 was a promise that there was a way out of sin for sinners.
06:05 Turning their backs on God and surrendering to temptation
06:09 left Adam and Eve fundamentally flawed.
06:12 They were broken. Sin had taken hold of them.
06:16 That was a desperate situation.
06:18 As long as they were surrendered to God,
06:20 living in connection with God, they were protected.
06:24 But when they chose to go it alone
06:25 and follow the suggestions of the devil, they were altered.
06:29 Connected to the heart of God,
06:31 they were one with God in purity and holiness.
06:34 But no more.
06:35 And they couldn't remake themselves or fix themselves.
06:40 They were created to live forever.
06:43 As long as they remained connected to God, trusting God,
06:47 they could look forward to eternity.
06:50 But when they turned away from God and sinned,
06:53 they forfeited the gift of eternal life.
06:56 It's as though they said, "Thanks for creating us, God,
06:59 but we're going to go on our own way without You."
07:03 But, of course, there is no other way.
07:06 It's either life with God or death without God.
07:13 But God offered Adam and Eve a way out.
07:17 God would provide a path to repentance.
07:20 He would put enmity between His people and Satan.
07:24 God said, "He"--the Seed of the woman--
07:26 "shall bruise your head."
07:28 That's God saying a descendant of Eve
07:31 would ultimately crush Satan.
07:34 Good news for Adam and Eve-- and good news for the world:
07:38 Satan would ultimately be defeated.
07:41 But notice God said to Satan,
07:43 "And you shall bruise His heel."
07:47 While Satan would be defeated,
07:48 heaven wouldn't get out of this unscathed.
07:52 Jesus Christ would be bruised.
07:55 He would die for the sins of human beings.
07:59 And this was illustrated shortly after.
08:02 When Adam and Eve realized that they were naked,
08:04 they stitched together fig leaves to cover themselves.
08:08 God provided clothing for them, skins,
08:12 the skins of animals from the Garden of Eden.
08:16 There hadn't been any death until that time.
08:19 But now, as a consequence of sin, death came into the world.
08:25 Genesis 3:21 says, "For Adam and his wife
08:29 the Lord God made tunics of skin, and clothed them."
08:33 Something had to die to provide a covering for Adam and Eve.
08:39 Someone had to die.
08:41 The death of those animals prefigured the death of Jesus.
08:46 But that's clothing we're talking about.
08:48 Where's the faith connection?
08:50 When Adam and Eve sinned,
08:51 along with losing what had covered their nakedness,
08:54 they lost much more:
08:56 They lost their righteousness.
08:59 And that's where we find ourselves today: unrighteous.
09:03 Paul wrote, "Do you not know that the unrighteous
09:06 will not inherit the kingdom of God?"
09:10 He said, "All have sinned, and come short of the glory of God."
09:15 Jesus died so that we could receive righteousness.
09:19 We have none of our own.
09:22 The prophet Isaiah wrote
09:23 that "all our righteousnesses are...filthy rags."
09:28 Sinners are unrighteous.
09:30 Jeremiah showed us the seriousness of our situation
09:33 when he wrote, "Can the Ethiopian change his skin,
09:37 "or the leopard his spots?
09:39 Then may ye also do good, that are accustomed to do evil."
09:45 Sin came into the world.
09:46 And in order for sinful human beings
09:48 to be reconnected with a holy God,
09:50 we need righteousness that we do not have.
09:53 God is inherently pure.
09:55 In order to be happy in His presence throughout eternity,
09:58 we need to be fundamentally altered so that our hearts
10:01 and God's heart beat to the same rhythm.
10:05 That's possible only one way:
10:08 through receiving, by faith, the righteousness of Jesus.
10:14 In a moment, we'll find out why being spiritual
10:18 isn't nearly the same as being saved.
10:22 I'll be right back.
10:23 ♪[cheerful music swells and ends]♪♪
10:32 >>Announcer: The cross is a symbol of Christianity
10:34 for millions of people around the world.
10:36 But beyond the symbol, there is power in the cross,
10:39 power God wants you to experience.
10:42 Learn more by requesting today's free offer,
10:44 "The Power of the Cross."
10:46 To receive "The Power of the Cross,"
10:48 call 800-253-3000
10:51 or visit us online at iiwoffer.com.
10:54 Experience "The Power of the Cross."
10:57 Call 800-253-3000
10:59 or visit iiwoffer.com.
11:03 >>John Bradshaw: Thanks for joining me on It Is Written.
11:06 As I drove along a certain street, I was intrigued
11:10 to see a spiritual center in a row of stores.
11:14 A spiritual center--that's where you can buy items
11:17 which help you to be spiritual.
11:20 No, not Bibles,
11:22 but crystals and incense and jewelry.
11:25 The spiritual center claims to deal with healing
11:28 and offers reiki and clairvoyance,
11:30 as well as mediums and tarot card readings.
11:35 A "spiritual" center.
11:37 Of course, there's nothing Christian about all that,
11:39 and none of it can help you one bit in terms of eternity.
11:43 The Bible says God's law is spiritual.
11:46 It speaks about spiritual songs,
11:48 how a spiritual person should seek to restore a sinner,
11:52 and about spiritual gifts.
11:54 The spiritual center had nothing to do
11:57 with the spirituality of the Bible.
12:01 The problem human beings face is not that we're not spiritual,
12:06 but that we're not righteous.
12:08 It seems it's more common now for people to talk about
12:10 how they're not Christian but spiritual.
12:13 But a faith journey oriented towards heaven
12:16 isn't a quest to be spiritual in a general sense
12:20 or even to be a good person,
12:22 because there's honestly no such thing in biblical terms.
12:26 Every human being alive is a sinner,
12:29 and the only one who is good is God.
12:33 What sinners need is righteousness, cleansing,
12:36 forgiveness.
12:38 And the only place to obtain that is through faith in Jesus.
12:43 Second Corinthians 5:21 says,
12:46 "For He made Him who knew no sin to be sin for us,
12:51 that we might become the righteousness of God in Him."
12:55 Jesus' death opened up to us the opportunity
12:58 to triumph over sin and its penalty,
13:01 in fact, even over its power and its presence.
13:07 When Adam and Eve fell into sin,
13:09 their very nature became corrupted.
13:12 In and of themselves they would have neither the power
13:14 nor the desire to resist evil.
13:18 And that, of course, extends to their posterity.
13:22 After eating of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil,
13:24 they would have the knowledge of evil.
13:27 They'd given Satan access to their hearts,
13:30 and he would be able to tempt them from that time onwards.
13:33 They would know anxiety and grief and pain--and death.
13:38 They were sinners now.
13:40 That one sin that seemed so small in Eve's eyes
13:43 opened the floodgates of misery to the world.
13:47 But the cross would stand against that.
13:50 Jesus' appointment with the cross was thousands of years
13:53 in the making.
13:54 The Bible says that Jesus was
13:56 "the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world"
13:58 in Revelation 13:8.
13:59 He was born to die.
14:01 And His death on the cross was predicted.
14:04 David wrote, "They divided my garments among them,"
14:07 and "they pierced my hands and my feet" in Psalm 22.
14:12 David wrote about the agony of Christ's death
14:14 when he penned these words:
14:16 "I am poured out like water, and all my bones are out of joint;
14:19 my heart is like wax; it has melted within me."
14:23 Psalm 22 again.
14:24 Isaiah wrote, "He was wounded for our transgressions,
14:27 He was bruised for our iniquities."
14:29 There's that word "bruised,"
14:31 which we saw in Genesis, chapter 3.
14:33 "The chastisement for our peace was upon Him,
14:35 and by His stripes we are healed."
14:39 He described Jesus as being
14:40 like "a lamb [led] to the slaughter," saying,
14:43 "He was cut off from the land of the living."
14:46 He wrote that "it pleased the Lord to bruise Him."
14:49 Notice again: "bruise."
14:51 And that "He poured out His soul unto death,
14:53 "and He was numbered with the transgressors,
14:55 "and He bore the sin of many, and made intercession
14:58 for the transgressors."
14:59 It's all from Isaiah, chapter 53.
15:02 And in Isaiah 53 the prophet got to the crux of the matter
15:05 when he wrote about the life of Jesus
15:07 being "an offering for sin."
15:11 And that's why Jesus died: as an offering for sin,
15:15 for your sins.
15:17 Okay, but couldn't God have worked it out another way?
15:20 Why should Jesus die at all? Let's work this through.
15:26 In the Garden of Eden, God told our original grandparents that
15:29 eating the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil
15:32 would cause death. Disobedience would lead to death.
15:36 Here's why. John wrote in 1 John 5:12,
15:40 "He who has the Son has life;
15:43 he who does not have the Son of God does not have life."
15:47 Now, that's not a rule imposed by God; it's a fixed law.
15:53 God gave life in the first place.
15:55 He then said, "I want you to retain this gift of life.
15:59 "Therefore, stay surrendered to me. Stay with me.
16:02 Stay connected to me."
16:05 Adam and Eve severed that connection
16:07 and became subject to death.
16:11 The earth that was created perfect was now tainted by sin.
16:16 Even the ground was cursed.
16:18 But that promise in Genesis 3,
16:20 in there was the plan of salvation.
16:24 But why did Jesus have to die for the sins of the world?
16:27 Why death?
16:29 The law of God had been broken,
16:32 and as Paul wrote in the New Testament,
16:34 "The wages of sin is death."
16:37 He wrote in Galatians about "the curse of the law"
16:39 and how Jesus would assume the penalty of breaking the law,
16:43 becoming "a curse for us."
16:46 Sin brings death--
16:47 not just death in this world, death from a heart attack,
16:50 not just that kind of death.
16:52 Sin brings the second death, the eternal death.
16:57 People created in the image of God
16:59 could now only look forward to death.
17:04 So how could they be saved from the penalty
17:06 that accompanies sin?
17:09 There was only one way.
17:12 Instead of Adam and Eve dying the second death for sin,
17:16 Jesus volunteered to die in their place.
17:20 He couldn't set aside the penalty for sin,
17:23 but He could assume it Himself.
17:26 That way the penalty could still be levied,
17:28 the sanctity of God's law could still be respected,
17:31 justice could be served,
17:33 yet mercy could still be offered to sinful humans.
17:36 And Jesus could die for the breaking of the law
17:39 because it was His law. He was the Lawgiver.
17:42 He is as sacred as the law itself,
17:45 and so He could redeem people
17:46 from the penalty of breaking God's law.
17:49 He didn't have to.
17:50 Jesus didn't have to die for sinners and their sin.
17:54 He could simply have left humanity to itself.
17:57 So why did He choose to die?
18:00 Well, the well-known Bible verse tells us:
18:03 "For God so loved the world,
18:04 "that He gave His only begotten Son,
18:07 "that whosoever believeth in Him should not perish,
18:11 but have everlasting life."
18:13 John 3:16.
18:15 How do you fully understand that kind of love?
18:19 At this side of eternity you don't fully understand it,
18:23 but you behold it and meditate on it.
18:26 You ponder it and wrestle with it
18:27 and try to comprehend that unfathomable love
18:30 revealed by the death of Jesus on the cross.
18:33 The weight of the sins of the entire world rested upon Jesus
18:37 as He went to the cross.
18:38 ♪[soft orchestral music]♪
18:39 And He did it for you.
18:43 So what do you do
18:44 about the love demonstrated by the death of Jesus on the cross?
18:49 Let's consider that in just a moment.
18:52 ♪[cheerful music swells and ends]♪♪
19:01 >>Announcer: The cross is a symbol of Christianity
19:03 for millions of people around the world.
19:06 But beyond the symbol, there is power in the cross,
19:09 power God wants you to experience.
19:11 Learn more by requesting today's free offer,
19:14 "The Power of the Cross."
19:15 To receive "The Power of the Cross,"
19:17 call 800-253-3000
19:20 or visit us online at iiwoffer.com.
19:23 Experience "The Power of the Cross."
19:26 Call 800-253-3000
19:28 or visit iiwoffer.com.
19:32 >>John Bradshaw: Crystals, yoga, Ouija boards,
19:35 witchcraft are back in vogue.
19:38 What the Fox sisters popularized is now part of pop culture.
19:42 Books and movies about witchcraft, wizardry,
19:44 and magic are everywhere.
19:47 What's often said to be just entertainment
19:49 is part of something much larger and darker.
19:53 Don't miss "Dancing With the Devil," where we'll explore
19:56 the rise of the occult, and you'll meet a young woman
19:59 who overcame her involvement with the occult
20:02 through the power of God.
20:04 In a world where the media is saturated with occult imagery,
20:08 in a society where ghosts and demons are treated
20:11 as trivial and fun, it's never been more important
20:13 to discern between the sacred and the profane.
20:16 In "Dancing With the Devil,"
20:18 you'll learn there's nothing new under the sun
20:20 and that the roots of what we see today
20:22 go all the way back to the origin of sin.
20:26 "Dancing With the Devil,"
20:28 brought to you by It Is Written TV.
20:32 >>John Bradshaw: You can see crosses on churches
20:34 and hanging around necks to the point that the cross today
20:37 is little more than an architectural feature
20:40 or a fashion accessory--
20:42 not quite what Jesus had in mind.
20:44 For the believer in Jesus,
20:46 the cross is where salvation became real.
20:50 It's where Jesus voluntarily gave His life, as He said,
20:54 "for the life of the world."
20:57 So what do you do about it,
20:59 about the single most powerful, most dramatic demonstration
21:05 of love for the world the universe has ever witnessed?
21:08 The cross was God showing humanity that His love
21:12 is beyond our ability to even imagine.
21:16 Who would expect that the divine Son of God would take it
21:19 upon Himself to give His life for a planet full of rebels?
21:24 "But God demonstrates His own love toward us,
21:27 in that while we were still sinners, Christ died for us."
21:32 Romans 5, verse 8.
21:35 At the cross God demonstrated His love for you.
21:39 There's no doubt now;
21:41 the cross shows you how much you mean to the heart of God.
21:45 Heaven would do whatever necessary
21:46 to reconcile a sinful world to itself,
21:50 to give sinners the opportunity to be saved.
21:54 John wrote in 1 John 4:19,
21:57 "We love Him, because He first loved us."
22:01 What else are you going to do?
22:04 You can't ignore the cross where a dying Savior
22:07 yielded His life to take your sin.
22:10 Look at the sanctuary service in ancient Israel.
22:12 The burnt offering represented Jesus,
22:15 an offering where everything was given as a sacrifice for sin.
22:19 Jesus gave all He had.
22:21 He gave Himself on account of sin--your sin.
22:26 You can have faith in Jesus as the offering for your sin.
22:32 As Paul wrote in Romans 7,
22:34 "O wretched man that I am!
22:37 Who shall deliver me from the body of this death?"
22:40 He answered, "I thank God through Jesus Christ [my] Lord."
22:44 Romans 7:24 and 25.
22:46 Who shall deliver me?
22:48 Jesus delivered me.
22:50 And when did He do that?
22:52 When He died for me at the cross.
22:55 "Herein is love," John wrote, "not that we loved God,
22:59 "but that He loved us, and sent His Son
23:02 to be the propitiation for our sins."
23:04 First John 4, verse 10.
23:06 So, the cross, like nothing else,
23:10 enables you to see the love of God.
23:13 Gone are any arguments that suggest God does not love you.
23:17 At the cross we saw, in fact, we see the love of God.
23:22 And that love urges you to love God in return.
23:27 How can you not when you see so clearly that God loves you?
23:31 The love displayed at Calvary urges you to love others.
23:34 John wrote, "Hereby perceive we the love of God,
23:38 "because He laid down His life for us:
23:40 and we ought [also] to lay down our lives for the brethren."
23:45 That means that the cross is so powerful
23:48 that it not only convinces you of the love of God for you,
23:52 but it'll move you
23:53 to demonstrate the love of God to others.
23:57 Paul wrote to the church in Philippi,
23:59 "Let this mind be in you, which was also in Christ Jesus:
24:02 "who, being in the form of God, thought it not robbery
24:05 "to be equal with God:
24:07 "but made Himself of no reputation,
24:09 "and took upon Him the form of a servant,
24:11 "and was made in the likeness of men:
24:13 "and being found in fashion as a man,
24:16 "He humbled Himself, and became obedient unto death,
24:19 even the death of the cross."
24:22 The Bible writer says, emulate the mind of Christ.
24:27 Allow God to produce in your life the character of Jesus.
24:33 And there's something more. Paul wrote this:
24:36 "Always bearing about in the body
24:38 "the dying of the Lord Jesus, that the life also of Jesus
24:42 might be made manifest in our body."
24:44 That's 2 Corinthians 4, verse 10.
24:46 In other words, He died for us so that He might live in us.
24:54 So the death of Jesus secures us forgiveness for our sins
24:58 and opens up to us the gift of everlasting life.
25:01 Sin brings death. That's an unalterable law.
25:04 But when death came to the human family,
25:07 Jesus stepped in and took our death
25:10 so that we may have His life.
25:13 As 1 Corinthians 15:3 says, "Christ died for our sins."
25:19 The cross reveals the love of God,
25:21 inspiring you to love God in return--and to love others.
25:25 And the cross urges you to allow Jesus to live His life in you.
25:29 That's the key to everlasting life:
25:31 surrendering to Jesus so that His will can be done
25:33 in your life, in your heart.
25:36 So let me ask you:
25:37 ♪[soft piano music]♪
25:38 Are you willing to allow the power of the cross,
25:41 the impact of the cross, the love of the cross to impact you?
25:48 It's one thing to hear about the love of God,
25:51 the sacrifice Jesus made, but it's another to allow that love
25:55 to fill you, to accept the death of Jesus for you.
26:01 Will you do that today?
26:03 ♪[music ends]♪♪
26:04 >>John: Thank you for remembering that It Is Written
26:06 exists because of the kindness of people just like you.
26:10 To support this international life-changing ministry,
26:13 please call us now at 800-253-3000.
26:17 You can send your tax-deductible gift
26:19 to the address on your screen,
26:20 or you can visit us online at itiswritten.com.
26:24 Thank you for your prayers and for your financial support.
26:27 Our number again is 800-253-3000,
26:31 or you can visit us online at itiswritten.com.
26:35 Let's pray together now.
26:37 Our Father in heaven, we remember the cross,
26:40 and we thank You for what Jesus did in giving His life for us.
26:44 That word, "thanks," it just seems so inadequate
26:47 when we consider the immensity of the sacrifice
26:49 that Jesus made, leaving heaven behind to become a human being
26:53 and live among men,
26:54 to die for us that we might receive His righteousness.
26:58 We thank You that Jesus took our sin.
27:00 He died that brutal death
27:02 that we might live a glorious everlasting life.
27:05 My friend, would you accept the death of Jesus for you?
27:08 You may be discouraged right now.
27:11 You may look at yourself and not believe
27:12 there's anything worth saving, but God looks at you,
27:15 and He sees what you may be through Jesus.
27:18 He sees you forgiven and cleansed because you claim
27:20 the forgiveness and cleansing that Jesus offers.
27:23 Would you accept that right now?
27:24 Would you say, "Jesus, be my Savior;
27:27 Heavenly Father, let the cross count for me"?
27:30 Friend, you may believe that Jesus' death was for you
27:34 so that you right now may be freed and forgiven
27:38 and cleansed and justified.
27:40 Father, we thank You for it,
27:41 and we believe it, don't we, friend?
27:43 We believe it, and we pray in Jesus' name.
27:47 Amen.
27:48 Thank you so much for joining me.
27:50 I'm looking forward to seeing you again next time.
27:52 Until then, remember:
27:54 "It is written, 'Man shall not live by bread alone,
27:57 but by every word that proceeds from the mouth of God.'"
28:01 ♪[dramatic theme music]♪
28:25 ♪[music ends]♪♪


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Revised 2023-04-05